Tugas Bu aah

Mutawakkil mendirikan kota Jafariya

Nama lengkap Khalifah Al-Mutawakkil  (847-861 M) adalah Al-Mutawakkil Alallah, Ja’far, Abu Al-Fadhli bin Mu’tashim bin Al-Rasyid. Ibunya seorang mantan budak bernama Syuja’. Al-Mutawakkil lahir pada 205 H. ia dilantik sebagai khalifah pada 24 Dzulhijjah 232 H setelah wafatnya Al-Watsiq. Berbeda dengan pendahulunya, Al-Mutawakkil lebih cenderung denga Ahlus Sunnah. Hal ini dilakukannya dengan cara banyak membantu mereka yang memiliki akidah dan pandangan Ahlus Sunnah. Dan juga mencabut aturan yang mengharuskan setiap orang untuk mengatakan bahwa Al-Qur’an itu mahluk. Perintah ini di sebarkan ke seluruh wilayah kekuasaannya pada 234 H.

Khalifah Al-Mutawakkil sangat menghormati para ulama Ahlus Sunnah . Ia pernah mengundang mereka mengadiri pengajian yang di hadiri 30.000 orang. Pada 235 H, Al-Mutawakkil mewajibkan kepada setiap orang Kristen untuk memakai gelang sebagai pengenal bahwa mereka Kristen. Pada 237 H, dia memerintahkan bawahannya Abu Bakar bin Al-Laits, seorang Hakim Agung Mesir karena sebagai salah seorang pemimpin gerakan jahmiyah yang sesat, kemudian di ganti dengan Al-Harits bin Miskin, salah satu murid ke_6 Imam Malik.

Pada 243 H, Khalifah Al-Mutawakkil datang ke Damaskus. Ia sangat tertrik dengan pemandangan kota itu sehingga memerintahkan orang_orangnya untuk membangun sebuah istana di dariyah. Sang Khalifah menetapdi Damaskus selama 2-3 bulan, untuk seterusnya kembali ke Irak. Al-Mutawakkil dikenal sebagai seorang pemurah dan banyak di puji karena kemurahan hatinya dalam memberikan bantuan .

Ketidak senanangan orang-orang  Turki  terhadap Al-Mutawakkil karena beberapa masalah antara mereka. Inilah yang memicu sepakatan orang-orang Turki dan Al-Muthasir untuk membunuh sang khalifah, ayahnya sendiri.

Suatu malam masuklah 5 orang  Turki ke tengah-tengah tempat Al-Mutawakkil bersenang-senang, lalu mereka membunuhnya. Turut menjadi korban juga seorang menterinya yang bernama Al-Fath bin Khaqan.[1]

Mutawakkil founded the city of Jafariya

The full name of Caliph Al-Mutawakkil (847-861 AD) is Al-Mutawakkil Alallah, Ja'far, Abu Al-Fadhli bin Mu'tashim ibn Al-Rashid. His mother is a former slave named Syuja '. Al-Mutawakkil was born in 205 AH. He was inaugurated as Caliph at 24 Dhul-Hijjah 232 AH after the death of Al-Watsiq. Unlike his predecessor, Al-Mutawakkil is more prone to Ahlus Sunnah. This is done in a way that helps many who have a creed and a view of Ahlus Sunnah. And it also revokes the rules that require everyone to say that the Qur'an is a being. This command was distributed throughout his territory in 234 H.

The Caliph Al-Mutawakkil greatly respects the scholars of Ahlus Sunnah. He once invited them to attend a recitation attended by 30,000 people. In 235 H, Al-Mutawakkil obliged every Christian to wear a bracelet as an identifier that they were Christians. In 237 H, he ordered his subordinate Abu Bakr bin Al-Laits, an Egyptian Supreme Court Judge for being one of the leaders of the misguided jahmiyah movement, then replaced with Al-Harith Ibn Poor, one of the 6th Imam Malik's disciples.

In 243 H, the Caliph Al-Mutawakkil came to Damascus. He was very intrigued by the city's landscape and ordered his people to build a palace in the hall. The Caliph lived in Damascus for 2-3 months, to return to Iraq. Al-Mutawakkil is known as a generous and much praised for his generosity in providing help.

The Turkish inconsistency against Al-Mutawakkil because of some problems between them. This is what prompted the agreement of the Turks and Al-Muthasir to kill the caliph, his own father.
One night enter 5 Turks into the middle of where Al-Mutawakkil is having fun, then they kill him. Also victimized is also a minister named Al-Fath bin Khaqan

Ahmad menemukan peraturan Samanid di Transoxiana

Abu Ibrahim Ismail bin Ahmad (Persia: November 907), lebih dikenal sebagai[2] Ismail bin Ahmad atau Ismail Samani, adalah amir Transoxiana  (892-907) dan Khorasan  (900-907). Pemerintahannya memandang munculnya Samaniyah sebagai dinasti yang kuat. Ia merupakan anak Ahmad bin As’ad, dan keturunan Saman Khuda, pendiri Dinasti Samaniyah yang berpindah agama dari Zoroastrianisme menjadi Islam. Ia dihormati sebagai leluhur Bangsa Tajik. Monumennya dibangun di Dushanbe, Tajikistan. Namanya juga diabadikan untuk menyebutkan nama mata uang Tajikistan yaitu Somoni. Bahkan puncak tertinggi di Tajikistan jiga dinamai Puncak Ismail Samani, yang terletak di Pegunungan Pamir di timur Tajikistan.

Ahmad found the Samanid rule in Transoxiana

Abu Ibrahim Ismail bin Ahmad (Persian: November 907), better known as Ismail bin Ahmad or Ismail Samani, is Transoxiana amir (892-907) and Khorasan (900-907). His government saw the emergence of Samaniyah as a powerful dynasty. He is the son of Ahmad bin As'ad, and the descendant of Saman Khuda, the founder of the Samaniyah dynasty who converted from Zoroastrianism to Islam. He is revered as an ancestor of the Tajiks. The monument was built in Dushanbe, Tajikistan. His name is also enshrined to mention the name of the Tajikistan currency, Somoni. Even the highest peak in Tajikistan jiga is named Ismail Samani Peak, located in the Pamir Mountains in eastern Tajikistan.

Pembunuhan Mahasiswi Pilkada Mutawakkil Aksesi Muntasir

Al-Mutawakkil terus mengandalkan negarawan Turki dan pasukan budak untuk meredam pemberontakan dan memimpin pasukan menghadapi kekuasaan asing, seperti Bizantium yang wilayahnya di Sisilia berhasil direbut. Wazirnya Al-Fath bin Khaqan[3], seorang Turki, adalah tokoh terkenal pada masa pemerintahannya. Namun, kepercayaan pada orang Turki berbalik menghantuinya. Ia mengingatkan pembunuhan terhadap panglima tertingginya yang notabene orang Turki. Hal ini menyebabkan pengaruhnya mlorot drastis.

            Al-Mutawakkil dibunuh oleh seorang prajurit Turki pada tanggal 11 Desember. Konon, pembunuhan ini merupakan bagian dari plot yang direncanakan putranya Al-Muntasir, yang menjadi jauh dari ayahandanya.[4]

            Muntasir adalah pemegang Khalifah setelah ayahnya dan pada saat itu juga api kebencian menyala di dalam hatinya ia berencana untuk balas dendam terhadap ayahnya sendiri. Atas dasar itu pada kesempatan pertama  dia mengumpulkan sejumlah bawahannya  di dalam kerajaan dengan janji-janji harta dan kedudukan serta bersama-sama membuat rancangan untuk membunuh ayahnya.[5]

Murdering female student Election Mutawakkil Accessi Muntasir

Al-Mutawakkil continued to rely on Turkish statesmen and slave troops to quell the rebellion and lead troops against foreign powers, such as the Byzantines whose territory in Sicily was captured. Wazirnya Al-Fath bin Khaqan, a Turkish, was a famous figure during his reign. However, the belief in the Turks turned around to haunt him. He reminded of the killing of his supreme commander who was in fact a Turk. This causes a drastic morot effect.

Al-Mutawakkil was killed by a Turkish soldier on 11 December. It is said that this murder was part of a planned plot of his son Al-Muntasir, who became distant from his father.

Muntasir was the holder of the Khalifah after his father and at that very moment the fire of hatred burned in his heart he planned to take revenge against his own father. On that basis on the first occasion he gathered a number of his subordinates in the kingdom with the promises of property and position and together drafted a plan to kill his father.

Muntasir Meracuni Aksesi Kematian Mutasin

Al-Muntasir ialah Khalifah Abbasiyah di Baghdad dari 861 hingga 862 dan meninggal (862). Al-Muntasir naik secara mulus ke tahta kekholifahan pada 861 dengan dukungan faksi Turki setelah pembunuhan ayahandanya oleh seorang perwira Turki. Al-Muntasir terlibat dalam kejahatan. Partai Turki kemudian membujuk Al-Muntasir menyingkirkan saudaranya dari suksesi, takut akan balas dendam atas pembunuhan ayah mereka. Di tempat mereka, ia akan mengangkat puteranya sebagai pewaris tahta.

Al-Muntasir dipuji karena, seperti ayahnya, mencintai dinasti Ali (Syi’a) dan mencabut larangan ziarah ke makam Hasan dan Hussayn. Pemerintahan Al-Muntasir berlangsung kurang dari setengah tahun; berakhir dengan kematiannya yang tak di ketahui pada 862. Ia dalah Khalifah Bani Abbasiyah pertama yang makamnya diketahui ;di buat pleh ibundany, budak asal yunani. Khalifah sebelumnya mengharapkan makamnya dirahasiakan agar tidak disembah-sembah. [6]

Muntasir Poison Accession Death Mutasin

Al-Muntasir was the Abbasid Caliph of Baghdad from 861 to 862 and died (862). Al-Muntasir rose seamlessly to the throne of kekholifahan in 861 with the support of the Turkish faction after the murder of his father by a Turkish officer. Al-Muntasir is involved in a crime. The Turkish party later persuaded Al-Muntasir to remove his brother from succession, fearful of revenge for the murder of their father. In their place, he will raise his son as the heir to the throne.

Al-Muntasir is praised for, like his father, loving the Ali (Shi'a) dynasty and lifting the ban on pilgrimage to the tombs of Hasan and Hussayn. Al-Muntasir's government lasted less than half a year; ending with an unknown death in 862. He was the first Abbasid Caliph whose grave was known, made by ibundany, a Greek slave. The Caliph had previously expected his tomb to be kept secret so as not to be worshiped.

Zaidi Negara yang Didirikan di Tabaristan oleh Hasan b Zaid

Dinasti Idrisid adalah sebagian besar dinasti Berber Zaidi berpusat di sekitar Maroko. Saat itu pemimpin yang pertama bernama Idriss. Dinasti Hammuidi adalah dynasty Zaidi di selatan Sepanyol modern. Karena bentuk awal dari Zaydism adalah kelompok Jarudiyya[7],  banyak negara Zaidi pertama, seperti yang dari Alavids, Buwaihi, Ukhaidhiris dan Rassids, cenderung untuk kelompok Jarudiyya.[8]

Dinasti yang berkuasa di Maghreb barat 788-985 M, yang dinamai sultan pertama, Idriss 1. Sebuah Negara Zaidi didirikan pada Daylaman dan Tabaristan (utara iran) pada 864 M oleh Alavids[9] berlangsung sampai kematian pemimpinnya di tengah Samanids di Sekitar 40 thn 928 M kemudian Negara itu dihidupkan kembali di Gilan (utara barat Iran) dan selamat di bawah pimpinan Hasanids sampai 1128 M. Setelah itu dari 12-13 abad, Zaydis dari Daylaman, Gilan dan Tabaristan kemudian mengakui Imam Zaidi Yaman atau menyayangi  Zaidi Iman di Iran.[10] Para Buahi awalnya Zaidi serta penguasa Ukhaidhirite Al-Yamama pada abad 9 dan 10.[11]

Pemimpin komunitas Zaidi mengambil gelar Khalifah. Dengan demikian, penguasa Yaman di kenal sebagai Khalifah, Al-Hadi Yahya bin Al-Husain bin Al-Qasim Ar-Rassi Rassids (keturunan imam Al-Hasan) yang, di sa’da, mendirikan imamah Zaidi dan system ini terus sampai perten gahan abad ke-20, sampai revolusi 1062 CE yang menggulimgkan Imam Zaidi (lihat imam Yaman). Para pendiri Zaidism Yaman adalah kelompok Jarudiyya[12],

Saat ini gerakan Zaidi yang paling menonjol adalah Al Shabab Mukminin (juga dikenal sebagai Houthhi) yang terlibat dalam pemberontakan melawan pemerintahan Yaman dimana Angkatan Darat teleah kehilangan 743 orang dan ribuan warga sipil tak berdosa telah terbunuh atau digantikan oleh Houthi dan pasukan pemerintahan menyebabkan krisis kemanusiaan besar di utara Yaman.[13]

Zaidi Country Established in Tabaristan by Hasan b Zaid

The Idrisid dynasty was largely a Berber Zaidi dynasty centered around Morocco. It was the first leader named Idriss. The Hammuidi dynasty was the dynasty of Zaidi in southern modern Spain. Since the initial form of Zaydism is the Jarudiyya group, many of the first Zaidi countries, such as those from Alavids, Buwaihi, Ukhaidhiris and Rassids, tend to the Jarudiyya group.

The ruling dynasty of the western Maghreb 788-985 CE, named after the first sultan, Idriss 1. A Zaidi State founded in Daylaman and Tabaristan (northern iran) in 864 AD by Alavids lasted until the death of its leader in the middle of Samanids in Approximately 40 thn 928 AD later The country was revived in Gilan (north west of Iran) and survived under the leadership of Hasanids until 1128 AD After that from 12-13 centuries, Zaydis of Daylaman, Gilan and Tabaristan later acknowledged the Yemenite Imam Zaidi or loved Zaidi Faith in Iran. The Buahi were originally Zaidi as well as the ruler of Ukhaidhirite Al-Yamama in the 9th and 10th centuries.

The Zaidi community leader took the title of Khalifah. Thus, the ruler of Yemen is known as the Caliph, Al-Hadi Yahya bin Al-Husayn ibn Al-Qasim Ar-Rassi Rassids (descendant of Imam Al-Hasan) who, in sa'da, founded the Zaidi Imamate and this system continued until the perten the 20th century, until the revolution of the 1062 CE that outlived Imam Zaidi (see Yemeni priest). The founders of Yemen's Zaidism are the Jarudiyya group,

Currently the most prominent Zaidi movement is Al Shabab Mukminin (also known as Houthhi) who is involved in a revolt against the Yemeni government where the Army has lost 743 people and thousands of innocent civilians have been killed or replaced by Houthis and government forces causing a major humanitarian crisis north of Yemen

Mutasim terbang dari Samarra deposisi dan aksesi Mutaaz 866

Muhammad bin Harun Ar-Rasyid adalah seorang khalifah menggantikan saudaranya, Al-Makmun. Ia dikenal dengan julukan,  Al-Mu’tashim Billah [14](Yang Berlindung kepada Allah). Sejak muda Al-Mu’tasim (833-842 M) tergolong seorang militer yang memegang kedisiplinan tinggi. Ia mempunyai tubung yang tinggi dan kuat. Al-Makmun, memindahkan hak khilafah dari putranya kepada saudaranya. Pihak tentara sendiri kurang setuju dengan pengangkatan Al-Mu’tasim. Bahkan mereka ramai-ramai mengangkat Abbas.

Khalifah Al-Mu’tasim tetap harus menghadapi perlawanan dari puhak Alawiyah. Kali ini di pimpin oleh Muhammad bin Qasim bin Umar bin Ali Zaainal Abidin bin Husain bin Ali bin Abi Thalib. Perlawanan itu segera di padamkan dan pimpinanya di tawan. Lagi-lagi dengan sifat lembutnya, Khalifah Al-Mu’tashim mengubah hokum mati dengan hukuman penjara. Namun pada saat perayaan Hari Raya idul fitri, Muhammad bin Qasim melarikan diri dan sejak saat itutak diketahui batang hidungnya.

Ditengah segala kerusuan itu, Al-Mu’tashim masih sempat membangun sebuah kota indah yang di kenal dengan nama Sarra Man Ra’a (menggembirakan orang yang melihatnya). Lambat taun kota itu dikenal dengan nama Samarra. Sejak itu, pusat pemerintahan di pindah ke kota Samarra yang semula berada di Baghdad.[15]

Mutasim flies from Samarra his deposition and accession of Mutaaz 866

Muhammad bin Harun Ar-Rashid was a khalifa to replace his brother, Al-Makmun. He is known by his nickname, Al-Mu'tashim Billah [16](Who Shields to Allah). Since young Al-Mu'tasim (833-842 AD) belongs to a military who holds high discipline. It has a high and powerful tie. Al-Ma'mun, transferred the Khilafah right from his son to his brother. The army itself was less amenable to the appointment of Al-Mu'tasim. In fact they were busy raising Abbas.                                              Khalifah Al-Mu'tasim still have to face resistance from puhak Alawiyah. This time led by Muhammad bin Qasim bin Umar bin Ali Zaainal Abidin bin Husayn ibn Ali ibn Abi Talib. Resistance was immediately put down and his leader in captivity. Again with its gentle nature, the Khalifah Al-Mu'tashim changed the law of death by imprisonment. However, during the celebration of Hari Raya Idul Fitri, Muhammad bin Qasim fled and from then on it was known to the bridge of his nose.

In the midst of all that turmoil, Al-Mu'tashim still had time to build a beautiful city which is known by the name of Sarra Man Ra'a (cheer the people who see it). Slow taun the city is known as Samarra. Since then, the center of government in the move to the city of Samarra which was originally located in Baghdad.

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[1] REPUBLIKA.CO.ID

[2] Wikipedia

[3] Al-Fath bin Khaqan adalah pengawal Mutawakkil dan seorang tokoh terkenal dari Turki.

[4] Wikipedia.co.id

[5] Mitsal.co.id

[6] Wikipedia

[7] Article by Sayyid ‘Ali ibn ‘Ali Al-Zaidi, A short History of the Yemenite Shi’ites (2005) Referencing; Momen, p.50,51. And S.S. Akhtar Rizvi.”Shi’a Sects”

[8] Hodgson, Marshall (1961), Venture of Ismail, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, pp. 262

[9] Article by Sayyid ‘Ali ibn ‘Ali Al-Zaidi, A short History of the Yemenite Shi’ites (2005) Reverencing: Iranian Influence on Mslem Literature

[10] Article by Sayyid ‘Ali ibn ‘Ali Al-Zaidi, A short History of the Yemenite Shi’ites (2005) Reverencing : Encyclopedia Iranica

[11] Madelung, W. ‘al-Ukhayadir.” Encyclopedia of islam. Edited by: P. Bearman, Th. Bianquis, C.E. Bosworth, E. van Donzel and W.P. Heinrichs. Brill, 2007. Brill Online. 07 December 2007 

[12]The Gulf 2000 Project SIPA Columbia University

[13] Donald Daniel Leslie (1998). “The Integration of Religious Minorities in Chin: The Case of  Chinese Muslims”. The Fifty-ninth George Ernest Morrison Lecture in Ethnology. P> 6. Retrived 30 November 2010

[14] ,  Al-Mu’tashim Billah adalah nama julukan dari Muhammad bin Harun Ar-Rasyid ia seorang khalifah yang menggantikan saudaranya, Al-Makmun

[15] REPUBLIKA.CO.ID